Participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives.
Present and Past participles are the part of VERB.
Verbs | Simple Present | Simple Past | Past Participle | Present Participle | Infinitive |
study wait jump | study(ies) wait(s) Jump(s) | studied waited jumped | studied waited jumped | studying waiting jumping | studying to wait to jump |
The present participle is formed by adding the ending "--ing" to the infinitive (dropping any silent "e" at the end of the infinitive):
i.e. to study --> studying
to write --> writing
to talk --> talkig
to be --> being
to have --> having
to write --> writing
to talk --> talkig
to be --> being
to have --> having
The present participle really doesn't mark time at all.
A present participle alone can't stand as the main verb of a sentence.
For instance, "Raka, knocking his spoon sounded" is incomplete.
In this example, "knocking" begins a present participial phrase that modifies the noun "Raka."
One way to make this word group into a sentence is by adding a subject and a predicate: "I see Raka, knocking his spoon sounded"
Functions
A. as an adjective:
That's an interesting book.
That tree is a weeping willow.
That tree is a weeping willow.
B. can indicate an action that is taking place, although it cannot stand by itself as a verb. In these cases it generally modifies a noun (or pronoun), an adverb, or a past participle:
Thinking myself lost, I gave up all hope.
Washing clothes is not my idea of a job.
Looking ahead is important.
Washing clothes is not my idea of a job.
Looking ahead is important.
Shaking hands, Dimas and Damas smiled
Watching TV, my mom fall asleep.
C. The present participle may be used with "while" or "by" to express an idea of simultaneity ("while") or causality ("by") :
He finished dinner while watching television.
By using a dictionary he could find all the words.
While speaking on the phone, she doodled.
By calling the police you saved my life!
By using a dictionary he could find all the words.
While speaking on the phone, she doodled.
By calling the police you saved my life!
D. The present participle of the auxiliary "have" may be used with the past participle to describe a past condition resulting in another action:
Having spent all his money, he returned home.
Having told herself that she would be too late, she accelerated.
Having told herself that she would be too late, she accelerated.
E. After the verb of perceptions
When I was studying, I heard people talking.
I see someone jumping from the roof.
Susan smells the cake burning
The Past participles is formed by adding the ending "--ed" to the infinitive and normally has the same spelling of the past tense of that verb:
i.e. to study --> studied
to talk --> talked
to have --> had
to talk --> talked
to have --> had
# When combined with the auxiliary verb to have, a past participle forms the perfect tenses of a verb.
to eat (eaten): All the meal has been eaten.
to ride (ridden): I could have ridden my bicycle if it had not rained.
to strike (struck or stricken): In that fight, he had struck my stomach.
# When combined with the auxiliary verb to be, a past participle forms the passive voice of a verb.
to construct (constructed): The new mall is finally constructed.
to give (given): I was given a new book.
to talk (talked): That problem was talked about yesterday.
to throw (thrown): The ball was thrown by John.
to write (written): Those letters were written last year.
# Past participles can also modify a noun.
to require (required): Here are the documents required.
# Past participles may be used to modify a verb or sentence.
to see (seen): Seen from this perspective, we should easily do the work.
Present and Past Participles used to express about feeling and the cause of the feeling
• Visiting Buckingham will be an exciting experience for me. I am really excited.
• Dennis finds Math interesting. He is interested in Math.
• Sue is shocked to find out that Indonesia’s culture is different from hers. Her experience makes her shocked. Her experience’s is shocking. It’s a shocking experience.
sources : English books of XI grade
http://www.learnenglish.
http://en.wiktionary.org
'If at first you don't succeed, try, try again.'
-c_i-
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